Spent Fuel Prioritization Act of 2023 This bill requires the Department of Energy (DOE), in determining the order for accepting high-level radioactive waste or spent nuclear fuel for disposal or storage under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, to prioritize the acceptance of waste or fuel from certain civilian nuclear power reactors. DOE must give the highest priority to decommissioned or decommissioning reactors located in areas (1) with large populations, (2) with high earthquake hazards, and (3) where the continued storage of high-level radioactive waste or spent nuclear fuel poses a significant national security concern.