The "Ukraine Support Act" aims to provide comprehensive support for Ukraine and impose severe penalties on the Russian Federation for its ongoing aggression. The bill begins by affirming strong U.S. support for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, condemning Russia's war crimes, including the forced deportation of Ukrainian children, and reaffirming the critical importance of NATO.

To bolster Ukraine's economic recovery, the legislation establishes an "Insurance for Ukraine Initiative" within the Department of State to promote war risk insurance and encourage investment. It also codifies a Special Coordinator for Ukrainian Reconstruction to coordinate U.S. government efforts and mobilize private capital. A dedicated Ukraine Reconstruction Trust Fund is created, to be financed by taxing capital gains on blocked Russian sovereign assets, for reconstruction, humanitarian aid, and fostering economic growth.

Security assistance provisions include extending the Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act through fiscal year 2028 and authorizing up to $8 billion in direct loans for Ukraine and NATO allies. The bill also extends the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative through fiscal year 2027, providing $300 million for each of those years. Additionally, it authorizes specific funding for Baltic countries to enhance their military and border security capabilities.

A significant portion of the bill mandates extensive sanctions against Russia, triggered by a presidential determination of ongoing aggression. These sanctions target key Russian financial institutions, including the Central Bank, and all Russian companies operating primarily in the oil, gas, coal, and mineral extraction industries. Sanctions are also mandated against specified Russian government officials, including the President and various ministers and military commanders.

Further sanctions are imposed on foreign persons involved in specific malign activities, such as the construction or maintenance of a tunnel connecting Russia to Crimea, or those endangering the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station. The bill also targets Rosatom and its subsidiaries, with a waiver for critical medical isotopes, and foreign vessels violating the Russian oil price cap policy. Additionally, it mandates sanctions against entities facilitating arms transfers between Russia and North Korea and those involved in the kidnapping of Ukrainian children.

Economically, the bill imposes duties of not less than 500 percent ad valorem on all goods and services imported from the Russian Federation. It also closes a loophole by banning the importation of energy products produced at refineries using Russian-origin crude oil. Dual-use export controls are strengthened for foreign-produced items destined for Russia that incorporate U.S. technology.

The legislation outlines the nature of these sanctions, including property blocking, visa inadmissibility, and directing U.S. executive directors to oppose loans from international financial institutions to sanctioned entities. It includes exceptions for humanitarian aid, international obligations, and national security activities, and allows for a presidential waiver under extraordinary national security circumstances. Finally, the bill establishes a mechanism for congressional review of any presidential actions to terminate or waive Russia sanctions, ensuring robust oversight and allowing for reimposition if aggression resumes.