This bill, the "COVID-19 Military Backpay Act of 2025," establishes remedies for uniformed service members discharged or otherwise separated due to noncompliance with the COVID-19 vaccination mandate. It defines a covered member as any active or reserve component individual, including the National Guard, who was subject to the mandate and experienced a covered discharge . The legislation aims to provide a legal pathway for these members to challenge their separation and receive compensation and other benefits. A covered member may file a civil action in the Court of Federal Claims to determine if their discharge was involuntary or unlawful. The bill clarifies that a discharge is not voluntary if solely due to vaccine noncompliance, and certain discharge documentation serves as conclusive evidence of an involuntary discharge. If the court rules in their favor, members are entitled to monetary remedies, such as compensation for lost inactive-duty training for reserve components, without reduction for civilian earnings. Additionally, the bill provides for significant non-monetary remedies. Members would be deemed to have served for their original term plus an additional two-year reenlistment period. If this deemed service would have resulted in 18 or 20 years of service, they would be credited accordingly, potentially qualifying for retention, retirement, and associated pay and benefits. Furthermore, members would be eligible to reenlist or extend their service for two years, regardless of discharge codes, and receive involuntary separation pay calculated with the deemed service time. These remedies are explicitly in addition to those available under Executive Order 14184.