This legislation, known as the Resident Physician Shortage Reduction Act of 2025 , seeks to address physician shortages by significantly increasing the number of medical residency positions available across the United States. It amends the Social Security Act to provide for the distribution of 14,000 new full-time equivalent (FTE) residency positions over a seven-year period, from fiscal years 2026 through 2032. The Secretary of Health and Human Services is tasked with distributing 2,000 additional residency positions annually during this timeframe. One-third of these positions are specifically allocated to hospitals that are already training residents above their current cap, provided they meet certain criteria, such as training at least 25 percent of residents in primary care and general surgery. The remaining positions are distributed to other qualifying hospitals based on specific needs and priorities. Key considerations for distributing these additional positions include a hospital's likelihood of filling the new positions and specific geographic or institutional characteristics. A minimum of 10 percent of the aggregate positions must be distributed to each of several categories: hospitals in rural areas or areas with high rural-urban commuting codes , hospitals in states with new medical schools established after January 1, 2000, and hospitals serving health professional shortage areas (HPSAs) . Within HPSAs, priority is given to hospitals affiliated with historically Black medical schools or other specified institutions. Hospitals receiving these increases must agree to expand their residency programs by the number of positions granted, and a single hospital generally cannot receive more than 75 additional FTE residency positions in total over the seven-year period. Furthermore, the bill mandates that the Comptroller General conduct a study and submit a report to Congress within two years on effective strategies for increasing the diversity of the health professional workforce, particularly focusing on professionals from rural, lower-income, and underrepresented minority communities.